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    -erwize
    quickinfo

    The suffix -erwize creates adverbs from adverbially used adjectives (including present participles). An example is tafallich by chance > tafalligerwize by chance. The suffix is unproductive, and many formations seem to be loans from Dutch. The bases are complex.

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    [+]General properties

    The suffix -erwize creates adverbs from other adverbs, i.e. adverbially used adjectives and present participles. Examples are given in the table below:

    Table 1
    Base form Derivation
    normaal normal/normally normalerwize normally
    foarsichtich careful foarsichtigerwize carefully
    oanfallend offensive oanfallenderwize offensively
    boartsjend playing boartsjenderwize without effort
    earlik honest/honestly earlikerwize honestly
    begryplik understandable/understandably begryplikerwize in an understandable way
    fatsoenlik decent/decently fatsoenlikerwize decently
    minsklik human/humanly minsklikerwize humanly
    dúdlik clear/clearly dúdlikerwize clearly
    reedlik rational/rationally reedlikerwize rationally
    foarsichtich careful/carefully foarsichtigerwize carefully
    freegjend interrogative/interrogatively freegjenderwize inquiringly
    roljend rolling/rollingly roljenderwize in a rolling way
    The base forms are complex, that is, they contain a suffix. Usually, this is the ending of the present participle -end or the suffixes -ich or -lik. This may be an important difference with the suffix -wei, which can also be attached to monosyllabic words.

    The suffix -erwize carries the meaning ‘in a manner indicated by the base form’. This reflects its etymological relationship with the noun wize manner. The main semantic roles of the adverbs are those of qualification, modality, and evaluation. The usual way to express a manner in Frisian is by using the suffix -wei. Often, a derivation with -erwize has a Dutch flavour. A subtle semantic difference might furthermore be that -wei also involves a time aspect: it implies that the manner has persisted during the whole of the action. This aspect seems to be lacking with respect to -erwize.

    [+]Phonological properties

    The suffix preserves the main stress location of its base word (EARlik honest/honestly > EARlikerwize honestly); the second syllable of the suffix [vi:] carries secondary stress. The prosodic structure of the adverbs is such that each consists of two prosodic words. The first one is formed by the base + the part -er-, whereas -wiis/-wize forms the second prosodic word, as in /(moγləkər)(υizə)/.

    When the base form ends in a voiceless consonant, this becomes voiced before -erwize: lokkich [lokəx] lucky > lokkigerwize [lokəɣərvi:zə] luckily, boartsjend [bṷatsjənt] playing > boartsjenderwize [bṷatsjəndərvi:zə] effortlessly.

    [+]Morphological potential

    Adverbs in -erwize cannot be input for further derivation.

    extra
    Literature

    Some more details about the suffixe -erwize can be found in Boersma (2007).

    References
    • Boersma, Gertrud D2007Bywurden mei de efterheaksels -wei en -wiis/wize yn it Frysk en -weg en -wijs/-wijze yn it NederlânskRijksuniversiteit GroningenThesis
    About this article
    Author(s): Siebren Dyk, Joke Weening
    Category: Frisian Morphology
    Keywords: adverbsuffixderivation
    Version: 1.0, March 2016
    Version history:
    version editor(s) date remarks
    1.0 Siebren Dyk, Joke Weening March 2016
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